Veel folklore bij Duits Sinterklaasfeest

Achtergrond 29 november 2018 Auteur: Vera Konijn

In Duitsland geen chocoladeletters, sinterklaasjournaal of nationale intocht. Het feestje rondom Nikolaus, zoals de goedheiligman in Duitsland bekend staat, wordt niet zo uitgebreid gevierd als in Nederland. Wel zijn er heel veel variaties op het feest, verschillend per regio en plaats.

CC/Pixabay

Elk jaar op zes december, in sommige streken de avond ervoor, vult Nikolaus hier en daar gepoetste kinderschoentjes met snoep, chocolade of kleine cadeaus. Al slaan veel Duitsers het feest ook gewoon over.

In plaats van een taaipop kennen Duitsers een Weckmann, plaatselijk ook wel Stutenkerl of Klausmann genoemd. Het is een brood met rozijnen en krenten in de vorm van een man met een pijp in zijn mond. Het kleine mannetje beeldde oorspronkelijk bisschop Nicolaas van Myra uit, oftewel Sinterklaas. In het Rijnland en het Ruhrgebied krijgen kinderen de Weckmann al op elf november, met Sint-Maarten. In andere gebieden wordt het brood alleen op de dag van Sinterklaas gegeten.

Op scholen en de kinderopvang worden liedjes voor de goedheiligman gezongen. Een van de bekendste Nikolaus-liedjes is ‘Lasst uns froh und munter sein’ (Laat ons vrolijk en opgewekt zijn). Ook verschijnt Sinterklaas soms met ezel of paardenkoets op kerstmarkten, waar hij cadeautjes uitdeelt. Soms lijkt de Duitse Sint ook meer op een kerstman dan op een bisschop. Nikolaus zit ook wel erg dicht tegen het Engelse Santa Claus aan.

Angstaanjagend

Zwarte Piet bestaat in Duitsland niet. Sinterklaas wordt vergezeld door verschillende andere hulpjes, afhankelijk van deelstaat en regio. In grote delen van Duitsland is Knecht Ruprecht de rechterhand van Sinterklaas. De bebaarde Ruprecht is meestal gestoken in een lange, bruine of zwarte mantel, zijn hoofd diep verborgen in een grote capuchon. Soms is Knecht Ruprecht wit, soms zwart en soms heeft hij zelfs hoorns op zijn hoofd. Hij straft niet alleen, maar deelt ook mandarijnen, noten, chocolade of peperkoek uit. De lekkernijen draagt hij in een mand op zijn rug.

In het Alpengebied (Zuid-Duitsland, Oostenrijk en Zwitserland) komt Nikolaus samen met de angstaanjagende en duistere hulpkracht Krampus. Met zijn twee hoorns lijkt Krampus een beetje op de duivel. Hij is meestal gekleed in schapenvel en probeert kwade geesten, die rond midwinter aanwezig zijn, met het lawaai van bellen en hoorns weg te jagen. Ook gaat hij huizen binnen om stoute kinderen te straffen. In Beieren gaan mensen verkleed als Krampus tijdens de zogenoemde Krampuslauf door de straten om voorbijgangers angst aan te jagen.

In sommige plaatsen bestaan er opmerkelijke tradities rondom Nikolaus. In Berchtesgaden, een stadje in het zuidoosten van Beieren, trekken op Nikolaustag Buttenmandl en Kramperl door het gebied. Dit zijn wilde figuren gehuld in bont of stro, met bellen op de rug. Sinterklaas wordt vaak vergezeld door een Nikoloweibl, een jongen gekleed in meisjeskostuum.

Op het waddeneiland Borkum is Sinterklaas jong, wild en jaagt op vrouwen. Zijn naam is Klaasohm. In de nacht van vijf op zes december gaan zes als Klaasohm verklede mannen begeleid door een ‘Wiefke’, een man vermomd als vrouw, het eiland over. Ze slaan jonge vrouwen met een koehoorn op de billen. De Klaasohms dragen helmen op hun hoofd, versierd met hoorns, bont en veren. Ze kunnen nauwelijks iets zien en daarom helpen een aantal jonge mannen om de vrouwen te vangen.

In de Hollandse wijk in Potsdam kunnen Duitsers genieten van een Sinterklaasfeest met een Nederlands tintje. Compleet met stoomboot, paard en pieten zet Sinterklaas voet aan wal. Het enige verschil met Nederland: de kindervriend komt pas na vijf december aan.

Reddingsactie

Ondanks de vele gebruiken heeft het kerstfeest de overhand in Duitsland. Tot ergernis van sommige katholieken gaat Nikolaustag steeds geruislozer voorbij en domineert de kerstman het straatbeeld. Een aantal kerkelijke organisaties heeft een paar jaar geleden daarom een reddingsactie voor Sinterklaas op touw gezet: ‘Weihnachtsmannfreie Zone’. Een campagne tegen de oppervlakkigheid van de ‘Coca-Cola’-kerstman, die volgens hen alleen gericht is op consumeren. De heilige Nikolaus daarentegen staat, benadrukken de initiatiefnemers, voor christelijke naastenliefde.

Sinterklaas

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