Groei euroscepsis ondanks positieve prognoses

Hoe de Duitsers tegen de EU-uitbreiding aankijken

Achtergrond 30 april 2004

(29 april 2004) " Am 1. Mai kommt das Hoch Europa",  staat er op een plakkaat aan de bushalte op de Berlijnse Alexanderplatz en daarop is Jörg Kachelmann te zien, de bekendste tv-meteoroloog van Duitsland. Een halte verder verwondert schaatsster Claudia Pechstein zich op een andere poster erover, dat er zelfs op het ijs geen Koude Oorlog meer bestaat.

Letterlijk in de laatste minuut probeert het Presse- und Informationsamt van de Bondsregering met deze reclamecampagne een stemming te veranderen, die zich sinds een jaar steeds steviger in Duitsland manifesteert: de euroscepsis. Dit laat ook de laatste Eurobarometer zien, een regelmatige enquête in opdracht van de Europese Commissie. Volgens de enquête staat één op de zes Duitsers helemaal achter de uitbreiding van de Europese Unie op 1 mei. Elke vierde Duitser wijst de uitbreiding echter compleet af. In vorige enquêtes gaf slechts één op de vijf ondervraagden aan categorisch tegen de uitbreiding te zijn. Tegelijkertijd is er sprake van een verslechtering van het imago: slechts 39 procent van de Duitse burgers had in oktober 2003 een goed beeld van de Europese Unie, volgens de Eurobarometer. Zes maanden daarvoor was het nog 47 procent.

De trend is vooral te wijten aan slecht nieuws. Er komen steeds meer berichten over bedrijven, die de komende jaren arbeidsplaatsen van Duitsland naar de toetredende landen zouden kunnen verplaatsen, omdat de loonkosten daar zoveel lager zijn en invoerheffingen het goederenverkeer niet meer afremmen. De ondernemingsraad van Siemens in München vreest bijvoorbeeld, dat de firma 74.000 van de 170.000 Duitse arbeidsplaatsen naar lagelonenlanden gaat verplaatsen. De auto-industrie, de belangrijkste branche in de Bondsrepubliek, heeft in de afgelopen jaren al ongeveer honderdduizend arbeidsplaatsen naar het Oosten verplaatst. "Dat is pas het begin", schrijft de bedrijfsleider van B&D-Forecast, een prognose-instituut in Düsseldorf, Ferdinand Dudenhöfer, in een studie. Het zullen rond de duizend arbeidsplaatsen zijn, die de Duitse economie per dag naar het Europese Oosten exporteert.

Nieuwe leden stimuleren economie

Volgens de Eurobarometer rekenen circa tweederde van de Duitsers op een verdere verslechtering van de economische situatie in de Bondsrepubliek. Het volk verwacht daarmee precies het tegendeel van wat de regering en een groot deel van het bedrijfsleven hopen van de EU-uitbreiding. Het Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) in Keulen voorspelde bijvoorbeeld medio april, dat de Duitse economie, door de EU-uitbreiding, tot 2006 rond één procent zal groeien. "Deze groei zal waarschijnlijk vooral te danken zijn aan een efficiëntere productie en handelssuccessen van Duitse bedrijven met de nieuwe leden van de Europese Unie", aldus het IW-onderzoek. Nu al gaat bijna tien procent van de Duitse exportproducten naar landen in Oost- en Midden-Europa - bijna half zoveel als in de Verenigde Staten. Aan de Duitse oostgrens kan men zien, waarom de overwegend optimistische economische prognoses, ondanks de slechte stemming, als juist worden beschouwd. Hier hield de Europese Unie tot dusver op en begon het postcommunistische Europa. Reeds enkele jaren geleden keken bijvoorbeeld de burgers van Frankfurt aan de Oder uiterst sceptisch tegen de brug aan, die hen met het Poolse Slubice verbindt. Het bouwwerk is een invalspoort voor oplichters en zwartwerkers, werd er gezegd. "Ondertussen zien velen de grens op de brug als een hindernis", zegt Martin Patzelt, de burgemeester van de stad, die ongeveer 80 kilometer ten oosten van Berlijn ligt. "We zijn er in geslaagd onze mentaliteit te veranderen", vertelt hij verder en verwijst naar een gemeenschappelijke Duits-Poolse internetkrant, naar een gemeenschappelijke winkelgids en naar het feit, dat de samenwerking van bedrijven aan beide kanten van de Oder langzamerhand haar vruchten begint af te werpen.

Hoe zulke coöperaties moeten werken, laat een voorbeeld uit Guben-Gubin zien, een plaatsje dat ongeveer honderd kilometer van Frankfurt aan de Oder ligt. Een Italiaanse schoenenfabrikant wil in de Duits-Poolse dubbelstad investeren - en wel aan beide kanten van de grensrivier Neisse. In het Poolse Gubin moeten goedkope werknemers leer snijden, in het Duitse Guben moeten de leerstukjes door de kwalitatief goede Duitse arbeidskrachten tot schoenen gemaakt worden. Uit Roemenië, waar de lonen lager zijn dan in Polen, trekt de schoenenfabriek zich terug - de kwaliteit van het werk is daar niet voldoende, bericht de loco-burgemeester van Guben, Fred Mahrow.

Samenwerking is er ook op cultureel en administratief gebied. Bijvoorbeeld tussen Duitse politieagenten en hun collega's in Tsjechië en Polen. Dit moet "Rundum mehr Sicherheit" opleveren, zoals de acteur Ottfried Fischer in de eerder genoemde posterreeks mocht overbrengen. Bedoeld is waarschijnlijk de burgers tegen Oost-Europese misdadigers te beschermen - waarvan er volgens politiestatistieken helemaal niet zoveel zijn. De leus "Rundum mehr Sicherheit" zegt onbedoeld ook, dat de controles aan de nieuwe EU-binnengrenzen losser worden. Een groep deelstaatpolitici uit Noordrijn-Westfalen heeft onlangs al van deze 'veiligheid' kunnen profiteren: de FDP'ers lieten zich begin april betrappen op het smokkelen van zes sloffen sigaretten van Polen naar Duitsland; ze wilden besparen op de 130 euro aan accijns. Nog pikanter wordt het onfortuinlijke uitstapje als je bedenkt dat de politici aanvankelijk naar de Poolse grens waren afgereisd om zich door douane- en politieagenten te laten voorlichten over de gevolgen van de komende EU-uitbreiding naar het Oosten.

Dossiers EU-uitbreiding

Tagesschau
EU-Osterweiterung

Handelsblatt
EU-Osterweiterung

Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Wirtschaft
EU-Osterweiterung

Christoph Podewils werkt als redacteur bij de wetenschapsredactie van de Berliner Zeitung.

Vertaald door Anne-Will Fisser

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